Literature Review – Part 3

Authors: Elaine Mossman, Jan Jordan, Lesley MacGibbon,Venezia Kingi, and Liz Moore

Return to Responding to sexual violence research reports

Contents

List of Tables
List of Boxes
Acknowledgements
Executive Summary

PART ONE: Overview of adult sexual violence and good practice
1    Introduction
2    Overview of sexual violence
3    Overview and critique of good practice

PART TWO: Summary of the literature
4    Medical system
5    Mental health system
6    Criminal justice system
7    Support services

PART THREE: Summary
8    Good practice services for adult survivors of sexual violence
8.1    New Zealand guidelines
8.2    Applicability to New Zealand context
8.3    Good practice programmes and services
8.4    Common good practice principles for delivery

Appendix: Methodology – search criteria and sources of references
References

PART THREE: Summary

8    Good practice services for adult survivors of sexual violence

This section brings together the findings from the four different systems (medical, criminal justice, mental health and support services). It presents:

• New Zealand guidelines that were identified for dealing with adult victim/survivors of sexual violence
• programmes and services identified as good practice
• common good practice principles of service delivery.

Much of the good practice identified through this review has been based on overseas literature. It is important that this practice is carefully assessed for its applicability to New Zealand, particularly before any decisions are made on implementation. This section, therefore, briefly reviews some of the key characteristics and issues that impact on service provision in New Zealand.

8.1    New Zealand guidelines

Table 10 presents the New Zealand guidelines that were identified for dealing with adult victim/survivors of sexual violence. Some were developed with victim/survivors of sexual violence in mind, others are non-specific to sexual violence but have key relevance to this group.

Guidelines specific to victim/survivors of sexual violence were comprehensive, particularly the medical and mental health guidelines. However, as raised in several chapters, it is not just the content but also the implementation of the guidelines that is critical. Active monitoring of services would need to occur in order to assess this.

No guidelines were located for support services, although this may well be a reflection of their predominantly non-government organisation status.
Non-government organisations may have their own ‘in-house’ practice guideline documents that were unavailable for this review. However, national standards for these types of services were located for Australia and Europe.

Table 10: New Zealand guidelines

8.2    Applicability to New Zealand context

New Zealand is a country with a small population from diverse cultural backgrounds. The majority of New Zealanders are of European descent, with Māori representing less than 15 percent of the population. The country has relatively few large urban centres, with most of the landscape being made up of relatively isolated rural areas. It has a centralised system of government and an adversarial justice system.

Any programmes or services identified as good practice overseas are only good practice in New Zealand if they work within this context. For example, forensic nursing has been established as good practice in many countries. While forensic nurses’ therapeutic benefits are transferable to New Zealand, their wider role may be limited through their inability to act as ‘expert’ witnesses in court cases in the New Zealand legal system. The sparsely populated rural areas also make the resourcing of specialist services to all areas difficult (e.g. Doctors for Sexual Abuse Care (DSAC) trained doctors, specialist police teams and specialist sexual offences courts).

The small size of New Zealand and its centralised system of government has helped the nation-wide implementation of new policies and service strategies such as policing strategies and health services. For example, the country has developed some innovative practices such as the national co-ordination of specialist sexual assault doctors through DSAC, state funding for rehabilitative mental health counselling for sexual abuse (Accident Compensation Corporation) and the national networking of the non-government organisation (NGO) specialised sexual violence support services (SSVSs) to develop strong and co-ordinated services and provide a voice at the national level (e.g. Te Ohaakii a Hine – National Network Ending Sexual Violence Together). The strong links New Zealand NGO SSVSs had developed with other agencies was commented on by Kelly (2005), which may mean models of service delivery advocated in other larger countries (e.g. sexual assault referral centres) may not be so applicable or necessary in New Zealand.

The lack of national networking historically has resulted in some communities developing their own models of service delivery in partnership with agencies such as the police and DSAC-affiliated doctors. This could be seen as a positive aspect enabling models to be developed that fit the local context, facilitating grassroots’ involvement. This may better meet the needs of the diverse population groups across New Zealand rather than the imposition of a single, nationally developed model of service delivery.

There are also some disadvantages to being a small country, and a major barrier in New Zealand to developing strong co-ordinated services to meet the needs of victim/survivors of sexual violence has been the lack of funding within the NGO sector (Ministry of Social Development, 2008). Although not relating specifically to services for victim/survivors of sexual violence, the Ministry of Social Development has acknowledged the inadequacy of funding for NGO services to families, children and young people. The ministry recognised that without sustainable funding there would be a decline in the level, intensity and/or quality of essential NGO services. The Government would itself need to step in to deliver these essential services. Through its Pathways to Partnership programme established in 2007, the Ministry of Social Development has begun to address issues of funding for the NGO sector (Ministry of Social Development, 2008: 3). The consistent and guaranteed resourcing of the NGOs is essential for their ongoing involvement in an integrated model of multi-agency service delivery.

Another challenge specific to New Zealand is the provision of appropriate and effective services for Māori, in particular that they have access to kaupapa Māori services (services ‘for Māori by Māori’, see Table 11). This review found that the only area where this type of service was currently available for Māori victim/survivors of sexual violence was at the community NGO level through the kaupapa SSVSs (and these were limited to the main centres). Barriers to achieving better service provision for Māori include a lack of resources for Māori to be able to develop these services and the Māori workforce needed to provide these services.

The Māori Potential Approach, the public policy framework developed by Te Puni Kōkiri (2008), provides insights into how this situation might be improved. 

The framework aims to better position Māori to build and leverage off their collective resources, knowledge, skills and leadership capability. The framework identifies three fundamental key enablers to Māori achieving full physical, psychological, emotional and spiritual well-being: mātauranga – building knowledge and skills; whakamana – strengthening leadership and decision-making; rawa – development and use of resources. While this policy framework applies to all government services, the principles and framework are also relevant to achieving effective provision of sexual violence services for Māori in New Zealand.

Clearly the unique characteristics of New Zealand mean that good practice based on overseas experience will need to be carefully assessed for its applicability to New Zealand.

8.3    Good practice programmes and services

The types of services and programmes that have been identified in this review as good practice are summarised in Table 12. Those highlighted are those for which there was either research evidence available or where they had been identified as such by experts in the field. As indicated in the table, some of those have already been incorporated in New Zealand.

8.4    Common good practice principles for delivery

In general, there was more literature and agreement over principles of delivery than particular types of service delivery. Many of those that emerged were common to a number of systems and services. The heavy reliance on international literature means their applicability to the New Zealand context will also need to be carefully considered. However, many of the principles identified appear more easily transferable to the New Zealand context, for example, for services to be culturally appropriate. Table 12 presents the overarching good practice principles for delivery that came through from the multiple types of services reviewed.

Table 11: Good practice programmes and services

Table 12: Common good practice principles of delivery

In summary, in regards to the medical system there are comprehensive New Zealand guidelines related to the medical care of victim/survivors. The review of literature found extensive research on good practice for conducting a forensic medical examination. Forensic nursing was an initiative reviewed favourably that had been implemented successfully overseas. Its applicability to New Zealand would need to be assessed carefully, particularly in relation to the status of nurses in court as ‘ordinary witnesses’. There appears to be a paucity of literature in relation to non-specialist primary health care.

The criminal justice system in New Zealand has undergone significant reform and the legal framework continues to be reviewed. There is a police policy for the investigation of adult sexual violence offences that includes many of the good practice principles of delivery featured in Table 12. The extent to which this policy has been implemented and adhered to is less clear. Specialisation, particularly within the criminal justice system, has been recognised as good practice and the introduction of specialist adult sexual assault teams within police is clearly a positive move. However, specialisation in New Zealand is still limited within police and has not extended to the prosecution section of the criminal justice system.

There are comprehensive practice guidelines for the mental health care of victim/survivors in New Zealand that are easily accessible via the internet to all practitioners. There is very limited research internationally or in New Zealand about which types of mental health interventions are the most effective for victim/survivors.

New Zealand has a very proactive network of SSVSs with good links with other agencies. There are also a range of other non-specialist sexual violence victim support agencies. Unlike Europe and Australia there appears to be no national practice guidelines for sexual violence support services in New Zealand. It is not known if individual agencies have their own ‘in-house’ documents.

Ensuring adult victim/survivors of sexual violence have access to the optimal services to assist in their recovery and well-being is crucial, and Kelly (2005: 2) points out there is still a long way to go:

Despite three decades of research, advocacy and campaigning, even the most basic issues matter, such as ensuring that women reporting sexual violence are treated with respect and dignity, cannot be guaranteed even in high resource contexts.

However, this review has identified a variety of good practice programmes and principles of delivery for adult victim/survivors of sexual violence. Providing we critically assess who has identified these practices, on what outcomes and what criteria, and ensure that the needs of victim/survivors remain paramount, then we are making a promising start.

Appendix: Methodology – search criteria and sources of references

Search criteria
The search was conducted by the Ministry of Women’s Affairs’ Information Services and by the business information specialist at Wellington City Libraries. It focused on material published in English, primarily since 2000, from New Zealand, Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom, the United States and South Africa.

Key words

• Victim(s), victim support, survivors.
• Sexual violence, sexual assault, rape, attack, sex*offending.
• Best practice, guidelines, models.
• Medical, emotional, mental health, community, criminal justice, police, prosecut*, court.
• New Zealand, Australia, Canada, United Kingdom, United States, South Africa.

Databases and other reference sources

• Ministry of Women’s Affairs in-house library.
• Te Puna – National Library of New Zealand Database.
• Internet.
• Google scholar http://scholar.google.co.nz.
• New Zealand Family Violence Clearing House.
• National Resource Center on Domestic Violence http://new.vawnet.org/.
• Contemporary Women’s issues.
• Masterfile Premier.
• The Australia/New Zealand Reference Centre.
• Gale’s General OneFile.
• Innz (Index to New Zealand periodicals).
• Australian Centre for the Study of Sexual Assault.
• References traced from articles and books.

The Ministry of Women’s Affairs’ research manager scanned the final list and decided which literature should be included or excluded. Given the volume of international practice guidelines for different types of agencies and systems, the final list contained a selection of guidelines for the different systems, rather than all available references. This was considered sufficient for the purpose of extracting high-level best practice principles. The list also contained some references published before 2000, where these were regarded as key references or where there was little other information available (e.g. in relation to specific population groups). Also included were diverse newspaper articles from New Zealand and journal articles from Journal of Interpersonal Violence and Violence against Women.

References

• Abel, G., Fitzgerald, L., and Brunton, C. (2008) The Impact of the Prostitution Reform Act on the Health and Safety Practices of Sex Workers. Christchurch: Department of Public Health and General Practice.
• Abbott, M. (1997) ‘Refugees and immigrants’, in P. Ellis and C. Collings (Eds), Mental Health in New Zealand from a Public Health Perspective. Wellington: Ministry of Health.
• ACC (2008) Sexual Abuse and Mental Injury: practice guidelines for Aotearoa New Zealand. Wellington: Accident Compensation Corporation.
• Ackerman, D., Sugar, N., Fine, D., and Eckert, L. (2006) ‘Sexual assault victims: Factors associated with follow-up care’. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 194(6): 1653–1659.
• ACCSA (Australian Centre for the Study of Sexual Assault) (2005) Special ‘Good Practice’ Edition. AWARE: ACSSA Issues, 7(June): 1–20. Melbourne: Australian Institute of Family Studies. Retrieved from http://www.aifs.gov.au/acssa/pubs/newsletter/n7.html
• ACSSA (Australian Centre for the Study of Sexual Assault) (2007) ‘Agency profile: Specialist Sex Offences Unit, Office of Public Prosecutions, Victoria: Interview with Michele
  Williams, SC, August 2007. ACSSA Newsletter, 17: 19–21. Melbourne: Australian Institute of Family Studies. Retrieved from http://www.aifs.gov.au/acssa/pubs/newsletter/n17pdf/n17_7.pdf
• ACSSA (Australian Centre for the Study of Sexual Assault) (2008) Promising Practice Programs & Responses for Sexual Assault. Melbourne: Australian Institute of Family Studies. Retrieved from http://www.aifs.gov.au/acssa/ppdb/promising practice.html
• Adler, Z. (1987) Rape on Trial. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
• Advance Africa (2002) The Best Practices Compendium: conclusions and lessons learned from the advisory group meetings. Arlington, VA: Advance Africa.
• Advance Africa (2005) Best Practices Final Report. Arlington, VA: Advance Africa.
• Ahrens, C. E. (2006) ‘Being silenced: the impact of negative social reactions on the disclosure of rape’. American Journal of Community Psychology, 38(3–4): 263–274.
• Ahrens, C. E., and Campbell, R. (2000) ‘Assisting rape victims as they recover from rape: The impact on friends’. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 15: 959–986.
• Ahrens, C. E., Campbell, R., Wasco, S., Aponte, G., Grubstein, L., and Davidson II, W. S. (2000) ‘Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner (SANE) programs: alternative systems for service delivery for sexual assault victims’. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 15: 921–943.
• Amnesty International Australia (2008) Setting the Standard: international good practice to inform an Australian national plan of action to eliminate violence against women.
  Broadway, NSW: Amnesty International Australia.
• Ardovini-Brooker, J., and Caringella-Macdonald, S. (2002) ‘Media attributions of blame and sympathy in ten rape cases’. Criminal Justice Studies, 15(1): 3–18.
• Asiasiga, L., and Gray, A. (1998) Intervening to Prevent Family Violence in Pacific Communities. Wellington: Ministry of Justice.
• Astbury, J. (2006) Services for Victim/Survivors of Sexual Assault: identifying needs, interventions and provision of services in Australia. ACSSA Issues No. 6. Melbourne: Australian Centre for the Study of Sexual Assault. Retrieved from http://www.aifs.gov.au/acssa/pubs/issue/i6.html
• Averill, J., Padilla, A. O., and Clements, P. T. (2007) ‘Frightened in isolation: unique considerations for research of sexual assault and interpersonal violence in rural areas’. Journal of Forensic Nursing, 3(1): 42–46.
• Baird, V. (2007) Convicting Rapists and Protecting Victims: government announces new measures. Press release, 28 November 2007, London.
• Ballard, M. B., and Alessi, H. D. (2002) ‘Counseling sexual abuse and rape victims’, in L. D. Burlew and D. Capuzzi (Eds), Sexuality Counseling (pp. 307–328). Hauppauge, New York: Nova.
• Balzer, R., Haimona, D., Henare, M., and Matchitt, V. (1997) Māori Family Violence in Aotearoa. Wellington: Te Puni Kōkiri.
• Bazley, M. (2007) Report of the Commission of Inquiry into Police Conduct. Wellington: Commission of Inquiry into Police Conduct.
• Beckett, L. (2007) ‘Care in collaboration: preventing secondary victimisation through a holistic approach to pre-court sexual violence interventions’. Doctoral thesis, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington.
• Black, B. M., Tolman, R. M., Callahan, M., Saunders, D. G., and Weisz, A. N. (2008) ‘When will adolescents tell someone about dating violence victimization?’. Violence against Women, 14: 741–758.
• Blair, I. (1985) Investigating Rape: a new approach for police. London: Croom Helm/Police Foundation.
• Blyth, J. (2002) Myalla: responding to people with intellectual disabilities who have been sexually assaulted. Sydney: Northern Sydney Sexual Assault Service.
• Braithwaite, J. (1989) Crime, Shame and Reintegration. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Brogden, M., and Shearing, C. (1993) Policing for a New South Africa. London: Routledge.
• Bronitt, S. (1998) ‘The rules of recent complaint: Rape myths and the legal construction of the ‘reasonable’ rape victim’’, in P. Easteal (Ed.), Balancing the scales: rape, law reform and Australian culture. Leichhardt, Sydney: Federation Press.
• Brook, J. (1997) ‘Sexual abuse and people with intellectual disabilities. Social Work Review, 9(3): 16–17.
• Brown, J., and Heidensohn, F. (2000) Gender and Policing: comparative perspectives. Basingstoke: MacMillan.
• Buckingham, D. (2008) Submission on Ministry of Justice Public Discussion Document: improvements to sexual violence legislation in New Zealand. Wellington: New Zealand Law Society. Retrieved from http://www.lawsociety.org.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0011/4889/Sexual_Violence_Legislation_in_NZ-3009.pdf
• Burgess, A. W. (1999) ‘Public beliefs and attitudes towards rape’, in A. W. Burgess and R. R. Hazelwood (Eds), Practical Aspects of Rape Investigation: a multidisciplinary approach (2nd ed.) Boca Raton: CRC Press.
• Burgess, A. W., and Hazelwood, R. R. (2001) ‘Victim care services and the Comprehensive Sexual Assault Assessment Tool (CSAAT)’, in R. Hazelwood and A. W. Burgess (Eds), Practical Aspects of Rape Investigation: a multidisciplinary approach (3rd ed.) (pp. 47–67). Boca Raton, London, New York, Washington DC: CRC Press.
• Busch, R. (2002) ‘Family violence and restorative justice initiatives: Who pays if we get it wrong?’, in H. Strang and J. Braithwaite (Eds), Restorative Justice and Family Violence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Calder, J. (2000) ‘Beauty lies in the eye of the beholder’. International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, 1(1): 1–10.
• Campbell, R. (2001) Mental Health Services for Rape Survivors: current issues in therapeutic practice. Minnesota: Minnesota Center against Violence and Abuse.
• Campbell, R. (2005) ‘What really happened? A validation study of rape survivors’ help-seeking experiences with the legal and medical systems’. Violence and Victims, 20(1): 55–68.
• Campbell, R. (2006) ‘Rape survivors experiences with the legal and medical systems: do rape victim advocates make a difference?’. Violence against Women, 12(1): 30–45.
• Campbell, R., and Ahrens, C. E. (1998) ‘Innovative community services for rape victims: an application of multiple case study methodology.’ American Journal of Community Psychology, 26(4): 537–571.
• Campbell, R., and Diegael, R. (2004) ‘The effectiveness of Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner (SANE) programs’. VAWnet: National Online Resource Center on Violence against Women. Retrieved November 2008 from http://new.vawnet.org/category/Main_Doc.php?docid=417
• Campbell, R., and Martin, P. (2001) ‘Services for sexual assault survivors: the role of rape crisis centres’, in C. Renzetti, J. Edelson’ and R. Bergen (Eds), Sourcebook on Violence against Women. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications.
• Campbell, R., and Raja, S. (1999) ‘Secondary victimization of rape victims: Insights from mental health professionals who treat survivors of violence’. Violence and Victims, 14(3): 261–275.
• Cannon, J. S., and Kilburn, M. R. (2003) ‘Meeting decision-makers’ needs for evidence-based information on child and family policy’. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 22(4): 665.
• Cantu, M., Coppola, M., and Lindner, A. (2003) ‘Evaluation and management of the sexually assaulted woman’. Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America, 21: 737–750.
• Chambers, G., and Millar, A. (1983) Investigating Sexual Assault. Edinburgh: Scottish Office Central Research Unit.
• Chan, J. B. (2003) Fair Cop: learning the art of policing. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
• Chapleau, K. M., Oswald, D. L., and Russell, B. L. (2008) ‘Male rape myths: the role of gender, violence, and sexism’. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 23: 600–615.
• Church, A., Lang, K., Leigh, J., Young, P., Gray, A., and Edgar, N. (1995) Victims Court Assistance: an evaluation of the pilot scheme. Wellington: Policy and Research Division, Department of Justice.
• Cooper, M., Warthe, D. G., and Hoffart, I. (2004) Family and Sexual Violence Sector Review. Companion document 2: review of best practice in family and sexual violence programming. Calgary, Canada: United Way of Calgary; City of Calgary; Calgary Child and Family Services.
• Cossins, A. (2007) A Best Practice Model for the Prosecution of Complaints of Sexual Assault by the NSW Criminal Justice System. Sydney: New South Wales Rape Crisis Centre.
• Cossins, A. (2008) ‘Restorative justice and child sex offences: the theory and the practice’. British Journal of Criminology, 48(3): 359–378.
• Counties Manukau District Health Board (on behalf of four northern district health boards) (2003) The Northern Regional Pacific Mental Health and Addictions Plan 2003/05. Manukau: Counties Manukau District Health Board.
• Cram, F., Pihama, L., and Karehana, M. (1999) Meeting the Needs of Māori Victims of Crime. Report prepared for Te Puni Kōkiri. Auckland: University of Auckland.
• Crandall, C. S., and Helitzer, D. (2003) Impact Evaluation of a Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner (SANE) Program. Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico School of Medicine.
• Crome, S. (2006) Male Survivors of Sexual Assault and Rape. ACSSA Wrap No. 2. Melbourne: Australian Institute of Family Studies.
• Crooks, H., and Jefferies, R. (2003) How Well is the Service Meeting the Needs of Māori and Pacific Victims? Wellington: Department for Courts.
• CROWD (Center for Research on Women with Disabilities) (2008) Violence Against Women with Disabilities. Retrieved 15 July 2008 from http://www.bcm.edu/crowd/?PMID=1325
  Crown Law Office (1992) Prosecution Guidelines. Wellington: Crown Law Office.
• Daane, D. M. (2006) ‘Rape: victims and survivors’, in J. H. Hendricks and B. D. Byers (Eds), Crisis Intervention in Criminal Justice/Social Service (4th ed.) (pp. 233–263). Springfield, United States: Charles C Thomas.
• Daly, K. (2002) Sexual assault and restorative justice’, in H. Strang and J. Braithwaite (Eds.), Restorative justice and family violence (pp. 62–88) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Daly, K. (2006) ‘Restorative justice and sexual assault: an archival study of court and conference cases.’ British Journal of Criminology, 46(2): 344–356.
• Daly, K. (2008) ‘Setting the record straight and a call for radical change: a reply to Annie Cossins on “Restorative justice and child sex offences”’. British Journal of Criminology, 48(4): 557–566.
• Davies, M., and Rogers, P. (2006) ‘Perceptions of male victims in depicted sexual assaults: a review of the literature’. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 11(4): 367–377.
• Davis, C. (2000) ‘Responding to sexual abuse: organisational issues for consideration’. Paper presented at the Advocating for the Future: Sharing the Road Conference, September, Brisbane.
• Dean, C., Hardiman, A., and Draper, G. (1998) National Standards of Practice Manual for Services against Sexual Violence. Victoria: National Association of Services against Sexual Violence.
• Deming, J., Mittleman, R., and Wetli, C. (1983) ‘Forensic science aspects of fatal sexual assaults on women’. Journal of Forensic Science, 28: 572–576.
• Department of Labour (2004) A Guide to Occupational Health and Safety in the New Zealand Sex Industry. Wellington: Department of Labour.
• DeSousa, R. (2007) ‘Sailing in a new direction: multicultural mental health in New Zealand’. Mental Health Foundation of New Zealand Newsletter, 11(Spring)
• Dissel, A. (2005) ‘Piloting victim-offender conferencing in South Africa’, in T. Maepa (Ed.), Beyond Retribution: prospects for restorative justice in South Africa. Institute for Security Studies.
• DSAC (Doctors for Sexual Abuse Care) (2005) National Newsletter, 64(September)
• DSAC (2006) The Medical Management of Sexual Assault (6th ed.). Auckland: Doctors for Sexual Abuse Care.
• Du Mont, M., Miller, K. L., and Myhr, T. L. (2003) ‘The role of “real rape” and “real victim”: stereotypes in the police reporting practices of sexually assaulted women’. Violence against Women, 9(4): 466–486.
• Du Mont, J., Parnis, D., and Mason, R. (2004) ‘Documenting the health impacts of sexual violence: an evaluation of two forensic protocols’. Paper presented at the Global forum for Health Research, Mexico City, November.
• Durie, M. (1995) Ngā Matatini Māori: Diverse Māori Realities. Palmerston North: Massey University.
• Durie, M. (2001) Mauri Ora: the dynamics of Māori health. Melbourne: Oxford University Press.
• Durie, M. (2003) Ngā Kāhui Pou Launching Māori Futures. Wellington: Huia Publishers.
• Duire, M. (2006) ‘Measuring Māori well-being’. New Zealand Treasury guest lecture series. Paper presented at the New Zealand Treasury, Wellington, 1 August 2006.
• Easteal, P. (1993) Without Consent: confronting adult sexual violence. Proceedings of a conference. Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology.
• End Violence against Women (2008) Not ‘Either/Or’ but ‘Both/And’: why we need rape crisis centres and sexual assault referral centres. Retrieved 15 July 2008 from http://www.endviolenceagainstwomen.org.uk/data/files/rape_crisis_and_sarcs.pdf
• Epati, A. S. (1995) ‘Samoan notions of cultural and social justice: conflicts with Western law systems’, in F. W. M. McElrea (Ed.), Re-thinking Criminal Justice. Volume I: Justice in the Community (pp. 49–56). Wellington: Legal Research Foundation.
• Epstein, J., and Langenbahn, S. (1994) The Criminal Justice and Community Response to Rape. Contract No. OJP-89-C-009 ed. Washington, DC: United States Department of Justice: National Institute of Justice.
• Evans, I., and Taylor, J. (2004) Childhood Sexual Abuse and Mental Injury in Adults: a critical analysis for Aotearoa/New Zealand. Palmerston North: Psychology Centre, Massey University.
• Fanslow, J. L., and Robinson, E. M. (2004) ‘Violence against women in New Zealand: prevalence and health consequences’. New Zealand Medical Journal, 117(1206): 1173–1184.
• Farrell, J., and Cerise, S. (2006) Fair’s Fair: a snapshot of violence and abuse in Sydney LGBT relationships. Sydney: AIDS Council of NSW and Same Sex Domestic Violence Interagency and Working Group.
• Felson, R., and Pare, P. (2005) ‘The reporting of domestic violence and sexual assault by nonstrangers to the police’. Journal of Marriage and Family, 67(3): 597–610.
• Fenaughty, J., Braun, V., Gavey, N., Aspin, C., Reynolds, P., and Schmidt, J. (2006) Sexual Coercion among Gay Men, Bisexual Men and Takapui Tane in Aotearoa/New Zealand. Auckland: Department of Psychology, University of Auckland.
• Ferguson, C. (2006) ‘Providing quality care to the sexual assault survivor: education and training for medical professionals’. Journal of Midwifery and Women’s Health, 51(6): 486–492.
• Ferguson, H. (2003) ‘Outline of a critical best practice perspective on social work and social care’. British Journal of Social Work, 33: 1005–1024.
• Flatman, G., and Bagaric, M. (2001) ‘The victim and the prosecutor: the relevance of victims in prosecution decision making’. Deakin Law Review, Volume 2. Retrieved 20 May 2009 from http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/DeakinLRev/2001/2.html
• Foa, E. B., and Rothbaum, B. O. (1998) Treating the Victim of Rape: cognitive behaviour theory for PTSD. New York: Guilford Press.
• Frazier, P. A., and Haney, B. (1996) ‘Sexual assault cases in the legal system: police, prosecutor, and victim perspectives’. Law and Human Behavior, 20: 607–628.
• Fry, D. (2007) A Room of Our Own: sexual survivors evaluate services. New York: New York City Alliance against Sexual Assault.
• Gavey, N. (2005) Just Sex? The cultural scaffolding of rape. Hove, East Sussex: Routledge.
• Gilmore, K., and Pittman, L. (1993) To Report or Not To Report: a study of victim/survivors of sexual assault and their experience of making an initial report to the police. Melbourne: Melbourne Centre against Sexual Assault (CASA House) and Royal Women’s Hospital.
• Glasby, J., and Beresford, P. (2006) ‘Commentary and issues: Who knows best? Evidence-based practice and the service user contribution’. Critical Social Policy, 25: 268–284.
• Gonzales, A., Schofield, R., and Schmitt, G. (2006) Extent, Nature, and Consequences of Rape Victimization: findings from the National Violence against Women Survey. Washington: National Institute of Justice.
• Goodfellow, J., and Camilleri, M. (2003) Beyond Belief, Beyond Justice: the difficulties for victim/survivors when reporting sexual assault and seeking justice Melbourne: Disability Discrimination Legal Service.
• Goodman, L. A., Koss, M., and Russo, N. F. (1993) ‘Violence against women: physical and mental health effects. Part 1: Research findings’. Applied and Preventive Psychology, 2: 79–89.
• Goodstein, L., and Lutze, F. (1992) ‘Rape and criminal justice system responses’, in I. Moyer (Ed.), The Changing Roles of Women in the Criminal Justice System: offenders, victims, and professionals (2nd ed.) Illinois: Waveland Press.
• Gregory, J., and Lees, S. (1999) Policing Sexual Assault. London: Routledge.
• Harcourt, C., van Beek, I., Heslop, J., McMahon, M., and Donovan, B. (2001) ‘The health and welfare needs of female and transgender street sex workers in New South Wales’. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 25(1): 84–89.
• Heenan, M., and Murray, S. (2006) Study of Reported Rapes in Victoria 2000–2003: summary research report. Melbourne: Office of Women’s Policy, Department for Victorian Communities.
• Heidensohn, F. (1992) Women in Control? The role of women in law enforcement. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
• Henning, T., and Bronitt, S. (1998) ‘Rape victims on trial: regulating the use and abuse of sexual history evidence’, in P. Easteal (Ed.), Balancing the Scales: rape, law reform and Australian culture. Leichhardt, Sydney: Federation Press.
• Herman, J. L. (2005) ‘Justice from the victim’s perspective’. Violence against Women, 11(5): 571–602.
• Hester, M., and Westmarland, N. (2004) Tackling Street Prostitution: towards a holistic approach. Research study 279. London: Home Office.
• Hinck, S. S., and Thomas, R. W. (1999) ‘Rape myth acceptance in college students: how far have we come?’ Sex Roles, 40(9/10): 815–832.
• Hoog, C. (2004) Model Protocol on Safety Planning for Domestic Violence Victims with Disabilities. Washington, DC: Washington State Coalition against Domestic Violence.
• Howard, A., Riger, S., Campbell, R., and Wasco, S. (2003) ‘Counseling services for battered women: a comparison of outcomes for physical and sexual assault survivors’. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 18(7): 717–734.
• Hudson, B. (2003) ‘Victims and offenders’, in A. von Hirsch, J. Roberts, and A. Bottoms (Eds), Restorative Justice and Criminal Justice: competing or reconcilable paradigms? Oxford: Hart Publishing.
• Jackson, M. (1987) The Māori and the Criminal Justice System: a new perspective: He Whauipaanga Hou. Study Series 18. Wellington: Department of Justice.
• Jackson, M. (1988) The Māori and the Criminal Justice System: a new perspective: He Whauipaanga Hou Part 2. Study Series 18. Wellington: Department of Justice.
• Jackson, M. (1989) Summary Produced by Project Waitangi of Moana Jackson’s report. The Māori and the Criminal Justice System: a new perspective. He Whauipaanga Hou. Wellington: Project Waitangi.
• Jackson, M. (1995) ‘A colonial contradiction or a rangatiratanga reality’, in F. W. M. McElrea (Ed.), Re-thinking Criminal Justice. Volume I: Justice in the Community (pp. 33–35). Wellington: Legal Research Foundation.
• Jackson, S., Cram, F., and Seymour, F. (2000) ‘Violence and sexual coercion in high school students’ dating relationships’. Journal of Family Violence, 15: 23–36.
• Jenner, L., Woolley, C., and Mortimer, R. (2006) Consumer Focus Group and Key Informants Interviews (Pilot Report). Technical Report 3. Palmerston North: Psychology Centre, Massey University.
• Jensen, P., and Smith, K. (2006) ‘Māori experiences of primary health care: Breaking down the barriers’. New Zealand Family Practice, 33(5): 298–300.
• Jewkes, R, Sen, P., and Garcia-Moreno, C. (2002) ‘Sexual violence’, in E. G. Krug, L. L. Dahlberg, J. A. Mercy, A. B. Zwi, and R. Lozano (Eds), World Report on Violence and Health (chapter 6). Geneva: World Health Organization.
• Jordan, J. (1998) Reporting Rape: women’s experiences with the police, doctors and support agencies. Wellington: Institute of Criminology, Victoria University of Wellington.
• Jordan, J. (2001) ‘Worlds apart? Women, rape and the police reporting process’. British Journal of Criminology, 41(4): 679–706.
• Jordan, J. (2002) ‘Will any woman do? Police, gender, and rape victims’. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies and Management, 25(2): 319–324.
• Jordan, J. (2004) The Word of a Woman: police, rape and belief. Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan.
• Jordan, J. (2005a) The Sex Industry in New Zealand: a literature review. Wellington: Ministry of Justice.
• Jordan, J. (2005b) ‘What would MacGyver do? The meaning(s) of resistance and survival’. Violence against Women, 11(4): 531–559.
• Jordan, J. (2006) ‘Rape, reform and resistance’. Journal for Women and Policing, 17: 27–33.
• Jordan, J. (2008) Serial Survivors: women’s narratives of surviving rape. Annandale, NSW: Federation Press.
• Kelly, L. (1988) Surviving Sexual Violence. Cambridge: Polity Press.
• Kelly, L. (2002) A Research Review on the Reporting, Investigation and Prosecution of Rape Cases. London: Her Majesty’s Crown Prosecution Service Inspectorate.
• Kelly, L. (2005) Promising Practices Addressing Sexual Violence. Vienna, Austria: United Nations Division for the Advancement of Women.
• Kelly, L., Lovett, J., and Regan, L. (2005) A Gap or a Chasm? Attrition in reported rape cases. London: Home Office Research, Development and Statistics Directorate.
• Kelly, L., and Regan, L. (2003) Good Practice in Medical Responses to Recently Reported Rape, Especially Forensic Examinations. Europe: Rape Crisis Network.
• Kennedy, H. (1992) Eve was Framed: women and British justice. London: Vintage.
• King, M., and Woollett, E. (1997) ‘Sexually assaulted males: 115 men consulting a counselling service’. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 26(6): 579.
• Kingi, T., and Durie, M. (2004) Hua Oranga: application guidelines. Wellington: School of Māori Studies, Massey University.
• Kingi V., and Jordan, J., (with Moeke-Maxwell, T., and Fairbairn-Dunlop, P.) (2009) Responding to Sexual Violence: Pathways to Recovery. Wellington: Ministry of Women’s Affairs.
• Kingi, V., Paulin, J., and Porima, L. (2008) Review of the Delivery of Restorative Justice in Family Violence Cases by Providers Funded by the Ministry of Justice. Wellington: Ministry of Justice.
• Koloto, A. (2003) The Needs of Pacific Peoples When They Are Victims of Crime. Wellington: Ministry of Justice.
• Kong, R., Johnson, H., Beattie, S., and Cardillo, A. (2003) Sexual Offences in Canada. Ottawa: Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics.
• Koss, M. P. (2000) ‘Blame, shame and community’. American Psychologist, 55(11): 1332–1343.
• Koss, M. P. (2006a) Restorative Justice for Sex Crimes Outside the Context of Intimate Partner Violence. Retrieved from http://www.restoreprogram.publichealth.arizona.edu
• Koss, M. P. (2006b) ‘Restoring rape survivors: justice, advocacy, and a call to action’. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1087: 206–234.
• Koss, M. P., Bachar, K. J., Hopkins, C. Q., and Carlson, C. (2004) ‘Expanding a community’s response to sex crimes through advocacy, prosecutorial, and public health corroboration: Introducing the RESTORE program’. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 19(12): 1435–1463.
• Koss, M. P., Bailey, J. A., Yuan, N. P., Herrera, V. M., and Lichter, E. L. (2003) ‘Depression and PTSD in survivors of male violence: research and training initiatives to facilitate recovery.’ Psychology of Women Quarterly, 27: 130–142.
• Krakow, B., Schrader, R., Tandberg, D., Hollifield, M., Koss, M., and Yau, C. (2002) ‘Nightmare frequency in sexual assault survivors with PTSD’. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 16: 175–190.
• Lamb, S. (1999) ‘Constructing the victim: popular images and lasting labels’, in S. Lamb (Ed.), New Versions of Victims: feminists struggle with the concept. New York: New York University Press.
• Lang, K., and Brockway, S. (2001) The Response to Sexual Assault: removing barriers to services and justice. Michigan: Michigan Sexual Assault Systems Response Task Force.
• Lea, S., Lanvers, U., and Shaw, S. (2003) ‘Attrition in rape cases: developing a profile and identifying relevant factors’. British Journal of Criminology, 43(3): 583–599.
• Ledray, L. E. (2001) ‘Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner (SANE) program’, in C. M. Renzetti, J. L. Edleson and R. K. Bergen (Eds), Sourcebook on Violence against Women (pp. 243–246). Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications.
• Lees, S. (1996) Carnal Knowledge: rape on trial. London: Hamish Hamilton.
• Lees, S. (1997) Ruling Passions: sexual violence, reputation and the law. Buckingham: Open University Press.
• Legal Aid Queensland (2007) Working with Clients who Have Experienced Sexual Violence: best practice guidelines for lawyers. Brisbane: Legal Aid Queensland.
• Leserman, J., Li, Z., Drossman, D. A., and Hu, Y. (1998) ‘How multiple types of stressors impact on health’. Psychosomatic Medicine, 60: 175–181.
• Levanthal, B., and Lundy, S. (1999) Same-Sex Domestic Violence. Thousand Oaks, London, New Delhi: Sage Publications.
• Lewis, R., Dobash, R., Dobash, R., and Cavanagh, K. (2001) ‘Law’s progressive potential: the value of engagement with the law for family violence’. Social and Legal Studies, 10(1):105–130.
• Lewis, S. (2003) Sexual Assault in Rural Communities. Pennsylvania: National Resource Center on Domestic Violence and Pennsylvania Coalition Against Domestic Violence.
• Lexicon Ltd (2005) Review of the Effectiveness of Specialist Courts in other Jurisdictions. DCA Research Series 3/05. London: Department for Constitutional Affairs.
• Lievore, D. (2003) Non-Reporting and Hidden Recording of Sexual Assault: an international literature review. Canberra: Office of the Status of Women.
• Lievore, D. (2004) Prosecutorial Decisions in Adult Sexual Assault Cases: an Australian study. Canberra: Office of the Status of Women.
• Lievore, D. (2005) No Longer Silent: a study of women’s help-seeking decisions and service responses to sexual assault. Canberra: Australian Government Department of Family and Community Services and Australian Institute of Criminology.
• Lievore, D., and Mayhew, P. (2007) The Scale and Nature of Family Violence in New Zealand. Wellington: Ministry of Social Development.
• Littel, K. (2001) Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner (SANE) Programs: improving the community response to sexual assault victims. Minneapolis: United States Department of Justice, Office for Victims of Crime Bulletin.
• Logan, T., Cole, J., and Capillo, A. (2007) ‘Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner program characteristics, barriers, and lessons learned’. Journal of Forensic Nursing, 3(1): 24–34.
• Lord, V., and Rassel, G. (2000) ‘Law enforcement’s response to sexual assault: a comparative study of nine counties in North Carolina’. Women and Criminal Justice, 11(1): 67–88.
• Lovett, J., Regan, L., and Kelly, L. (2004) Sexual Assault Referral Centres: developing good practice and maximising potentials. London: Home Office Research, Development and Statistics Directorate.
• Mangnell, K. (2008) ‘Victim centre will give support and prevention’. Manukau Courier, 27 May.
• Marchbanks, P., Lui, K., and Mercy, J. A. (1990) ‘Risk of injury from resisting rape’. American Journal of Epidemiology, 132: 540.
• Mayhew, P., and Reilly, J. (2007) New Zealand Crime and Safety Survey 2006. Wellington: Ministry of Justice.
• McDonald, E. (1994) ‘Gender bias and the law of evidence: the link between sexuality and credibility’. Victoria University of Wellington Law Review, 24: 175–188.
• McDonald, E. (1997) ‘“Real rape” in New Zealand: women complainants’ experience of the court process’. Yearbook of New Zealand Jurisprudence, 1(1): 59–80.
• McDonald, E. (2009) ‘And still we must talk about real rape: a review of Jennifer Temkin and Barbara Krahe, sexual assault and the justice gap: a question of attitude’. Pace Law Review (Winter).
• McElrea, F. W. M. (1995) ‘Accountability in the community: taking responsibility for offending’, in F. W. M. McElrea (Ed.), Re-Thinking Criminal Justice. Volume I: Justice in the Community (pp. 61–82). Wellington: Legal Research Foundation.
• Memmot, P., Stacy, R., Chambers, C., and Keys, C. (2001) Violence in Indigenous Communities. Canberra: Attorney-General’s Department.
• Metropolitan Police Service (2005) A Review of Rape Investigations in the MPS: final report. London: Deputy Commissioner’s Command, Directorate of Strategic Development and Territorial Policing, Project Sapphire.
• Mikaere, A. (2006) ‘Māori women as leaders and decision makers’. Presentation at the Ministry of Women’s Affairs Noho Marae, 27 June.
• Milne, P. (2001) ‘Book reviews: therapy guidelines’. New Zealand Association of Counsellors Newsletter, (September): 49.
• Milne, P. (2005) ‘Statistics that harm’. New Zealand Association of Counsellors Newsletter, 25(3).
• Minister of Health (2005) Te Tāhuhu – Improving Mental Health 2005–2015: the second New Zealand mental health and addition plan. Wellington: Ministry of Health.
• Minister of Health and Associate Minister of Health (2002) He Korowai Oranga: Māori Health Strategy. Wellington: Ministry of Health.
• Ministry of Health (1998) Consent in Child and Youth Health: information for practitioners. Wellington: Ministry of Health.
• Ministry of Health (2001) Refugee Health Care: a handbook for health professionals. Wellington: Ministry of Health.
• Ministry of Health (2002) Family Violence Intervention Guidelines: child and partner abuse. Wellington: Ministry of Health.
• Ministry of Health (2008) Pacific Cultural Competences: literature review. Wellington: Ministry of Health.
• Ministry of Justice (2001) He Hinatore ki to Ao Māori – A Glimpse into the Māori World: Māori perspectives on justice. Wellington: Ministry of Justice.
• Ministry of Justice (2004) Restorative Justice in New Zealand: best practice. Wellington: Ministry of Justice.
• Ministry of Justice (2008) Improvements to Sexual Violence Legislation in New Zealand: public discussion document. Wellington: Ministry of Justice.
• Ministry of Justice (no date). Information for Victims: Victims Charter pamphlet – what I need to know about the Victims Charter for people affected by crime. http://www.justice.govt.nz/pubs/victims-information/charter-pamphlet.html.
• Ministry of Social Development (2002) Te Rito: New Zealand Family Violence Prevention Strategy. Wellington: Ministry of Social Development
• Minister of Social Development (2008) ‘Supporting a sustainable NGO social services sector.’ Cabinet paper. Retrieved from http://www.msd.govt.nz/about-msd-and-our-work/work-programmes/initiatives/pathway-to-partnership/key-information/key-information-background.html
• Ministry of Women’s Affairs (2007) Report on Wellington Workshop for Ethnic, Migrant and Refugee Communities. Retrieved from http://www.mwa.govt.nz/our-work/svrproject/EMRWellington
• Ministry of Women’s Affairs (2008) Court Advocates: report to the taskforce. Wellington: Ministry of Women’s Affairs.
• Ministry of Women’s Affairs (no date) Sexual Violence Research Project. http://www.mwa.govt.nz/our-work/svrproject
• Morris, A. (2002) ‘Critiquing the critics: a brief response to critics of restorative justice’. British Journal of Criminology, 42: 596–615.
• Morris, A., and Gelsthorpe, L. (2000) ‘Re-visioning men’s violence against female partners’. Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, 39: 412–428.
• Morris, A., Kingi, V., Poppelwell, E., Robertson, J., and Triggs, S. (2005) Court-referred restorative justice pilot evaluation. Wellington: Ministry of Justice.
• Morris, A., Reilly, J., Berry, S., and Ransom, R. (2003) The New Zealand National Survey of Crime Victims 2001. Wellington: Ministry of Justice.
• Morrison, A., Ellsberg, M., and Bott, S. (2007) ‘Addressing gender-based violence:
• A critical review of interventions’. World Bank Research Observer, 22(1): 25–51.
• Mossman, E., MacGibbon, L., Kingi, V., and Jordan, J. (2009b) Responding to sexual violence: Environmental scan of New Zealand agencies. Wellington: Ministry of Women’s Affairs.
• Moult, K. (2000) ‘The court doors may be open, but what lies behind those doors? An observation of the workings of the Wynberg Sexual Offences Court’. Honours Thesis, University of Cape Town, Cape Town.
• Murphy, W. (2001) ‘The victim advocacy research group’. Journal of Social Distress and Homeless, 11(1): 123–138.
• National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health (2005) Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: the management of PTSD in adults and children in primary and secondary care. London: Gaskell and the British Psychological Society.
• Neale, J., and Gray, A. (1990) Evaluation of Victim Support Schemes in New Zealand to August 1990. Wellington: Grey Matter.
• Neame, A., and Heenan, M. (2004) Responding to Sexual Assault in Rural Communities. ACSSA Briefing No. 3. Melbourne: Australian Centre for the Study of Sexual Assault.
• Neave, M. (2004) ‘Restorative justice: when is it appropriate?’ Paper presented at Victorian Law Reform Commission, La Trobe University Law School, 6 October.
• New Zealand Police (1998) ‘Adult Sexual Assault Investigation Policy’. Policy pointer 1998/1. Ten-One, 159: 11–15.
• New Zealand Police (2006) ‘Dedicated unit for investigating sexual assaults’. Police Ten One (August). Retrieved 5 June 2008 from http://www.police.govt.nz/news/tenone/20060818-288
• New Zealand Police (2008) New Zealand Police 2007/08 Annual Report. Wellington: New Zealand Police.
• Nosek, M. A., Howland, C. A., and Hughes, R. B. (2001) ‘The investigation of abuse and women with disabilities: Going beyond assumptions’. Violence against Women, 7(4): 477–499.
• Nosek, M. A., Hughes, R., Taylor, H., and Howland, C. (2004) ‘Violence against women with disabilities: the role of physicians in filling the treatment gap’, in S. Welner and F. Haseltine (Eds), Welner’s Guide to Care of Women with Disabilities. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins.
• Obinna, J., Krueger, S., Osterbaan, C., Sadusky, J. M., and DeVore, W. (2005) Understanding the Needs of the Victims of Sexual Assault in the Deaf Community. Minneapolis: Council on Crime and Justice.
• Office for Criminal Justice Reform (2006) Convicting Rapists and Protecting Victims: justice for victims of rape: a consultation paper. London: Office for Criminal Justice Reform.
• Olle, L. (2005) Mapping Health Sector and Interagency Protocols on Sexual Assault. ACSSA Issues No. 2. Melbourne: Australian Centre for the Study of Sexual Assault.
• Orth, U. (2002) ‘Secondary victimization of crime victims by criminal proceedings’. Social Justice Research, 15(4): 313–325.
• O’Shea, A. (2006) Sexual Assault Treatment Services: a national review. Dublin: National Steering Committee on Violence against Women.
• Osterman, J., Barbiaz, J., and Johnson, P. (2001) ‘Emergency interventions for rape victims’. Psychiatric Services, 52(6): 733.
• O’Sullivan, E., and Carlton, A. (2001) ‘Victim services, community outreach, and contemporary rape crisis centers: a comparison of independent and multiservice centers’. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 16: 343–360.
• Parkinson, D. (2008a) ‘Partner rape and rurality’. ACSSA Newsletter, 16: 21–22.
• Parkinson, D. (2008b) ‘Where is care in the country? Let’s provide rural victim survivors of sexual assault with after-hours crisis care.’ ACSSA Newsletter, 16: 18–20.
• Parnis, D., and Du Pont, J. (2003) ‘Forensic nursing in the context of sexual assault: Comparing the opinions and practices of nurse examiners and nurses’. Applied Nursing Research, 16(3): 173–183.
• Patterson, D., Campbell, R., and Townsend, S. M. (2006) ‘Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner (SANE) program goals and patient care practices’. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 38(2):180–186.
• Paua Enterprises Ltd (2006) ‘Māori women in leadership: scoping report’. Unpublished paper prepared for the Ministry of Women’s Affairs.
• Paulin, J., Kingi, V., and Huirama, T. (2005) The Rotorua Second Chance Community Managed Restorative Justice Programme: an evaluation. Wellington: Crime and Justice Research Centre.
• Penfold, C., Hunter, G., Campbell, R., and Barham, L. (2004) ‘Tackling client violence in female street prostitution: inter-agency working between outreach agencies and the police’. Policing and Society, 14(4): 365–379.
• Petersilia, J. (2001) ‘Crime victims with developmental disabilities: a review essay’. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 28: 655–694.
• Petrak, J. (2002) ‘The psychological impact of sexual assault’, in J. Petrak and B. Hedge (Eds), The Trauma of Sexual Assault: treatment, prevention and practice. West Sussex: John Wiley and Sons.
• Pike, D. L. (1992) ‘Women in police academy training: some aspects of organizational response’, in I. Moyer (Ed.), The Changing Roles of Women in the Criminal Justice System: offenders, victims, and professionals (2nd ed.) Illinois: Waveland Press.
• Pitama, S., Robertson, P., Cram, F., Gillies, M., Huria, T., and Kallas-Katoa, W. (2007) ‘Meihana model: a clinical assessment framework’. New Zealand Journal of Psychology, 36(3): 118–125.
• Pitts, M. K., Couch, M. A., and Smith, A. M. (2006) ‘Men who have sex with men (MSM): How much to assume and what to ask?’ Medical Journal of Australia, 185(8): 450–452.
• Plichta, S. B., Clements, P., and Houseman, C. (2007) ‘Why SANEs matter: models of care for sexual violence victims in the emergency department’. Journal of Forensic Nursing, 15(9): 15–23.
• Pollock, J. M. (1995) ‘Gender, justice and social control: a historical perspective’, in A. V. Merlo and J. M. Pollock (Eds), Women, Law, and Social Control. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
• Prostitution Law Review Committee (2008) Report of the Prostitution Law Review Committee on the Operation of the Prostitution Reform Act 2003. Wellington: Ministry of Justice.
• Quadara, A. (2008) Sex Work and Sexual Assault in Australia: prevalence, risk and safety. ACSSA Issues No. 8. Melbourne: Australian Institute of Family Studies.
• Radford, J. (1987) ‘Policing male violence: policing women’, in J. Hanmer and M.Maynard (Eds), Women, Violence, and Social Control. Basingstoke, Hampshire: MacMillan.
• Rape Crisis (England and Wales) and Women’s Research Centre (2008) The Crisis in Rape Crisis: a survey of Rape Crisis (England and Wales) centres. London: Women’s Research Centre.
• Rape Crisis Network Europe (2003) Best Practice Guidelines for NGOs Supporting Women Who Have Experienced Sexual Violence. Galway, Ireland: Rape Crisis Network Europe.
• Rasool, S. (2000) ‘Sexual offences courts: do more courts mean better justice?’ Nedbank ISS Crime Index, 4(2): 11–14.
• Regan, L., and Kelly, L. (2003) Rape: still a forgotten issue. London: Child and Woman Abuse Studies Unit.
• Regan, L., Lovett, J., and Kelly, l. (2004) Forensic Nursing: an option for improving responses to reported rape and sexual assault. Online Report 28/04. London: Home Office.
• Savage, J. (2003) ‘Refugee women, sexual assault, and communities’. Paper presented at Practice and Prevention: Contemporary Issues in Adult Sexual Assault NSW Conference, New South Wales, 12–14 February.
• Schollum, M. (2005) Investigative Interviewing: the literature. Wellington: Police National Headquarters.
• Schonteich, M. (2001) ‘Focused and multiskilled: specialised directorates and units’, in Lawyers for the People: the South African Prosecution Service (chapter 5), Monograph No. 53. Pretoria: Institute for Security Studies.
• Scutt, J. (1997) The Incredible Woman: power and sexual politics. Melbourne: Artemis.
• Scutt, J. (1998) ‘Character, credit, context: women’s lives and judicial ‘reality’’, in P. Easteal (Ed.), Balancing the Scales: rape, law reform and Australian culture. Leichhardt, Sydney: Federation Press.
• Second Māori Taskforce on Whānau Violence (2002) Whānau Violence: a Māori conceptual framework. Wellington: Second Māori Taskforce on Whānau Violence.
• Sobsey, D., and Doe, T. (1991) ‘Patterns of sexual abuse and assault’. Journal of Sexuality and Disability, 9(3): 243–259.
• Smart, C. (1989) Feminism and the Power of Law. London: Routledge.
• Special Rapporteur (1996) Women and Violence. New York: United Nations Department of Public Information.
• Standards New Zealand (2006) Screening, Risk Assessment and Intervention for Family Violence Including Child Abuse and Neglect. Wellington: Standards New Zealand.
• Strang, H., and Braithwaite, J. (Eds) (2002) Restorative Justice and Family Violence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Stubbs, J. (2002) ‘Family violence and women’s safety: feminist challenges to restorative justice’, in H. Strang and J. Braithwaite (Eds), Restorative justice and Family Violence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Stubbs, J. (2004) Restorative Justice, Domestic Violence and Family Violence Issues. Paper No. 9. Sydney: Australian Domestic and Family Violence Clearinghouse: University of New South Wales.
• Stubbs, J. (2007) ‘Beyond apology? Domestic violence and critical questions for restorative justice’. Criminology and Criminal justice, 7(2): 169–187.
• Task Force of Division 12 (Clinical Psychology) (1993/2008 update) Task Force on Promotion and Dissemination of Psychological Procedures. Retrieved 25 August 2008 from http://www.apa.org/divisions/Div12/est/chamble2.pdf
• Taslitz, A. (1999) Rape and the Culture of the Courtroom. New York: New York University Press.
• Te Puni Kōkiri (2008) Realising Māori Potential: annual report. Wellington: Te Puni Kōkiri.
• Temkin, J. (1997) ‘Plus ça change: reporting rape in the 1990s’. British Journal of Criminology, 37(4): 507–528.
• Temkin, J., and Krahé, B. (2008) Sexual Assault and the Justice Gap: a question of attitude. Oxford: Hart Publishing.
• Thomas, E. (1994) ‘Was Eve merely framed; or was she forsaken?’ New Zealand Law Journal, (Parts 1 and 2): 368–373 and 426–432.
• Tiatia, J. (2008) Pacific Cultural Competencies: a literature review. Wellington: Ministry of Health.
• Tjaden, P., and Thoennes, N. (1998) Stalking in America: Findings From the National Violence Against Women Survey. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice.
• Tjaden, P., and Thoennes, N. (2000) Full Report of the Prevalence, Incidence, and Consequences of Violence against Women: findings from the National Violence against Women Survey. Washington, DC: United States Department of Justice.
• Tjaden, P., and Thoennes, N. (2006) Extent, Nature, and Consequences of Rape Victimization: findings from the National Violence against Women Survey. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice.
• Toner, B. (1982) The Facts of Rape. London: Arrow Books.
• Triggs, S., Mossman, E., Jordan, J., and Kingi, V. (2009) Responding to Sexual Violence: attrition in the New Zealand criminal justice system. Wellington: Ministry of Women’s Affairs.
• Tutty, L. M., Weaver, G., and Rothery, M. A. (1999) ‘Residents views of the efficacy of shelter services for assaulted women’. Violence against Women, 5: 898–925.
• Tyiska, C. G. (1998) OVS Bulletin: working with victims of crime with disabilities. Washington, DC: United States Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office for Victims of Crime.
• van de Zandt, P. (1998) ‘Heroines of fortitude’, in P. Easteal (Ed.), Balancing the Scales: rape, law reform and Australian culture. Leichhardt, Sydney: Federation Press.
• Vetten, L. (2001) ‘While women wait (2) ... Can specialist sexual offences courts and centres reduce secondary victimisation?’ Nedbank ISS Crime Index, 5(3).
• Victorian Government (2006) Building Partnerships between Mental Health, Family Violence and Sexual Assault Services. Melbourne: Department of Human Services.
• Walker, S. P., and Louw, D. (2003) ‘The South African court for sexual offences’. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 26: 73–85.
• Walker, S. P., and Louw, D. (2005a) ‘The Court for Sexual Offences: perceptions of the victims of sexual offences’. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 28: 231–245.
• Walker, S. P., and Louw, D. (2005b) ‘The Court for Sexual Offences: perceptions of the families of the victims of sexual offences’. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 28: 418–429.
• Walker, S. P., and Louw, D. (2007) The Court for Sexual Offences: Perceptions of the professionals involved. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 30: 136–146.
• Walklate, S. (1995) Gender and Crime: an introduction. London: Prentice Hall.
• Waller, I. (2003) Crime Victims: doing justice to their support and protection. Helsinki: European Institute for Crime Prevention and Control (affiliated with the United Nations).
• Wampold, B. (2001) The Great Psychotherapy Debate: models, methods, and findings. Mahway, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
• Wang, S. K., and Rowley. E. (2007) Rape: how women, the community and the health sector respond. Geneva: World Health Organization.
• Wasco, S. (2003) ‘Conceptualizing the harm done by rape: applications of trauma theory to experiences of sexual assault’. Violence, Trauma and Abuse, 18(3) 399–414.
• Wasco, S., Campbell, R., Howard, A., Mason, R., Staggs, S. L., Schewe, P., and Riger, S. (2004) ‘A state wide evaluation of services provided to rape survivors. Journal of Interpersonal Violence’, 19(2): 252–263.
• Watkins, T. (2008) ‘Unease at rape victims “victimised by system”’. The Dominion Post, 13 June, p. 3.
• Weeks, W. (2001) ‘Access and equity in services against sexual violence’. Paper presented at Seeking Solutions Conference, Gold Coast, Australia, 5–7 September. Retrieved 5 December 2008 from http://www.austdvclearinghouse.unsw.edu.au/Conference%20papers/Seek-soln/Weeks,Wendy.pdf
• WHO (2003) Guideline for Medico-Legal Care for Victims of Sexual Violence. Geneva: World Health Organization.
• Young, A. (1998) ‘Violence as seduction: enduring genres of rape’, in A. Howe (Ed.), Sexed Crime in the News. Leichhardt, New South Wales: Federation Press.
• Young, W. (1983a) Rape Study, Volume 1: a discussion of law and practice. Wellington Department of Justice and the Institute of Criminology, Victoria University.
• Young, W. (1983b) Rape Study, Volume 2: research reports. Wellington: Department of Justice.
• Zehr, H. (2007) ‘Hearing victims’ voices: is restorative justice listening?’. Paper presented at a seminar at the Wellesley Club, Wellington, 17 August.
• Zweig, J., and Burt, M. (2007) ‘Predicting women’s perceptions of domestic violence and sexual assault agency helpfulness’. Violence against Women, 13(1): 1149–1178.
  

Disclaimer

This report was commissioned by the Ministry of Women’s Affairs. The views, opinions and conclusions expressed in the report are intended to inform and stimulate wider debate. They do not represent government policy.
 

Published in October 2009
by the Ministry of Women’s Affairs | Minitatanga Mō Ngā Wāhine
PO Box 10 049, Wellington, 6143, New Zealand
Phone: 0064 4 915 7112
Fax: 0064 4 916 1604
Email: mwa@mwa.govt.nz
Website: www.mwa.govt.nz

ISBN 978-0-478252-43-9 (Print)
ISBN 978-0-478252-44-6 (Digital)